- Mediation is one of the oldest and most ubiquitous forms of conflict " reconciliation. It is also understood as a process in which a neutural third party with no power to impose a resolution helps the disputing parties try to reach a mutually acceptable settlement through dialoge. It can replace the negative story of confusion with the positive story of order and empowerment.

- Arbitration is a neutral, objective third-party who will resolve the conflict solely on the content presented by the immediate parties themselves. => Unlike mediation, arbitration leads to a timely resolution by the arbitrator.

==> both of them become a formal complement to dispute resolution in a wide array of international settings.