Cao Thang
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 |  Subject: CULTURE DEFINITION  Mon Apr 07, 2014 2:17 am | |
| CULTURE Culture is a modern concept based on a term first used in classical antiquity by the Roman orator Cicero: "cultura animi" (cultivation of the soul). This non-agricultural use of the term "culture" re-appeared in modern Europe in the 17th century referring to the betterment or refinement of individuals, especially through education. During the 18th and 19th century it came to refer more frequently to the common reference points of whole peoples, and discussion of the term was often connected to national aspirations or ideals. Some scientists such as Edward Tylor used the term "culture" to refer to a universal human capacity.In the 20th century, "culture" emerged as a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of human phenomena that cannot be directly attributed to genetic inheritance. Specifically, the term "culture" in American anthropology had two meanings:
- the evolved human capacity to classify and represent experiences with symbols, and to act imaginatively and creatively; and
- the distinct ways that people, who live differently, classified and represented their experiences, and acted creatively.
Hoebel describes culture as an integrated system of learned behavior patterns which are characteristic of the members of a society and which are not a result of biological inheritance.Distinctions are currently made between the physical artifacts created by a society, its so-called material culture, and everything else, the intangibles such as language, customs, etc. that are the main referent of the term "culture".Besides culture, there are other related terms that require definition if we are to properly put in perspective the relationship between culture and inter- national business. These terms are often used interchangeably with culture or referred to in conjunction with culture—nation, ethnicity, race, subculture, counterculture, enculturation, acculturation, and popular culture.• Nation is a political term referring to the formal governmental and legal apparatus that structurally binds a geographic region together (e.g., the United States, Mexico, France, Egypt, or Japan) and regulates how leaders are selected, the way diplomatic relations are conducted, and what social, political, economic, and educational institutions should do to serve the greater community.• Ethnic group refers to a wide variety of groups who might share a language, historical origin, religion, or home culture (e.g., African Americans, Irish Americans, Asian Americans, Polish Americans, Italian Americans, or Mexican Americans). • Race, although biological in nature, is more a political and legal con- struction referring to certain physical similarities (e.g., skin color or eye shape) that are shared by a group of people and used to justify eco- nomic and social distinctions. • Subcultures or co-cultures are groups of people compatibly co-existing within a larger culture, yet possessing a conscious identity that distin- guishes them from others within the larger society. Subculture or co- culture is often used to refer to ethnic and racial groups that share both a common national boundary with the larger collectivity as well as many of the other aspects of the prevailing macroculture. However, we can also identify and talk about other types of subcultures or co-cultures that share many common cultural ideas with the larger culture while still possessing some that are unique (e.g., an urban subculture, homeless subculture, rural subculture, family subculture, legal subculture, orbusiness/organizational subculture). These subcultures of identification are often defined by class, education, age, religion, wealth, residence, work, family, or gender and assume significance depending upon their saliency for any particular individual. • Countercultures are groups that engage in behavior that is distinctively different from and in opposition to that of the dominant culture. Members of these groups not only reject the values of the larger culture but also actively confront society and work against the traditionally recog- nized values (e.g., organized crime and drug dealers). • Enculturation is the socialization process we go through to adapt to our larger society. • Acculturation is the process of adjusting and adapting to a new and different culture. |
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nguyenduytung
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| | Subject: Re: CULTURE DEFINITION Thu Apr 24, 2014 10:58 pm | |
| in my point, there are many definition about the culture but that definiton helpful too |
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